PASSIVE VOICE
Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or
Passive PassiveSentence or some
call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In
a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which arethe
subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie thatreceives the
action of a job. Passive sentences are
generally contrasted withActive Sentences or
commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrasemeans a transitive verb form in
which the subject of the
sentence berpelakuas 'agents', ie the action of a job.
The shape of the Passive Voice (passive
voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3
In the passive form of the
sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple Present
Tense is the tense used to express an
action oractivity that takes
place / happening at the current time in a
simpleform, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily
habits, events oractions that have nothing to
do with time, and to express a generaltruth.
Simple Present Tense use this type
of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"
TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more
information, see the following table)
|
I
|
Am
|
|
You
|
Are
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Is
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Do / Don't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Does /
Doesn't
|
NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES
NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element
of a sentence no verb (NONVERB)
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject +
Verb 1 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DO / DOES
+ Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
|
Example:
|
+
|
I speak
English everyday
She
speaks English everyday
|
|
-
|
I don't
speak English
She
doesn't speak English
|
|
?
|
Do you
speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes I do, atau No, I don't
Does
she speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
|
|
?
|
Why do
you speak English everyday ?
|
2. Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is the tense used to
express an action or activity thatoccurred in the
past and the events of the time it has
been known.
Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more
information, see the following table)
|
I
|
Was
|
|
You
|
Were
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Was
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Did /
Didn't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is
used when a sentence no verb element (NONVERB)
VERB 2 is
only used in positive sentences only.
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past
Tense
Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject +
Verb 2 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DID +
Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?
|
Example:
|
+
|
He bought a pair of shoes
yesterday.
|
|
-
|
He
didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
|
|
?
|
Did he
buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban:
Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
|
|
?
|
Why did
he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
|
|
|
3. Present Progressive Tense
Present Progressive Tense is
the tense used to express an
action, state orevent that was happening at the
time discussed.
NOTE:
On the use
of Present Progressive Tense verb used must
end with-ing /(Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type
of "TO BE 1".
Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense
|
+
|
Subject +
To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To be 1
+ Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
Example :
|
+
|
We are
studying now.
|
|
-
|
We are
not (aren't) studying now.
|
|
?
|
Are you
studying now?
Jawaban: Yes
I am, atau I, am not
|
|
?
|
What
are you doing?
Jawaban: I
am studying now
Who is
studying English?
Jawaban: She
is studying English
|
4. Past Progressive Tense
Past Progressive Tense is
the tense that is
used to indicate that two eventsoccur at the same
time, but the incident occurred earlier and was
still in progress when the
second incident occurred.
NOTE :
On the use
of Past Progressive Tense verb used must
end with-ing / (Verb+ ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using
the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).
Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.
Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense
|
+
|
Subject
+ To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To
be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I was walking down the street
when it began to rain.
When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
|
|
-
|
It was not raining when i went to
the market last night.
They were not playing football when
you were not at home.
|
|
?
|
Was he studying when I arrived
at home?
Jawaban:
Yes he was, atau he, was not
|
|
?
|
Why were you reading that book?
What was she doing with this
document when all the staff went home?
|
5. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is the tense used
to express an action, state or event that happened in the
past. And at the time
of speaking activities / actionshave
been completed.
Present Perfect Tense using the type
of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information,
see the following table)
|
I
|
Been
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Have
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Has
|
NOTE
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a
sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether
positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the
Present Perfect Tense using
the VERB 3
Formulas and Example Sentence Present
Perfect Tense
Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject
+ Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
?
|
Have/Has
+ Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I have lived here for 2 years.
|
|
-
|
I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
|
|
?
|
Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban:
Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
|
|
?
|
Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?
|
6. Past perfect
tense is a verb form that
is used to declare that an actionhas
been completed at some point in the
past before another actionoccurs. Action which has
been completed in the past it may occur
repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect
tense can also be used to establish if the
type 3 conditionals and reported speech.
The formula Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary
verb "had", and thepast
participle (verb-3). Had used for
both singular and pluralsubjects. While past
participle can be
either regular or irregular verb.
Thus the formula of past perfect tense for
the sentence are
positive,negative, and interrogative is as follows.
|
Kalimat
|
Rumus Past Perfect Tense
|
Contoh Past Perfect Tense
|
|
positif (+)
|
S + had +
Verb-3/past participle
|
My brother
had slept
|
|
They had
come
|
|
negatif (-)
|
S + had +
not + Verb-3/past participle
|
My brother
hadn’t slept
|
|
They
hadn’t come
|
|
interogatif(?)
|
had + S +
Verb-3/past participle
|
Had my
brother come
|
|
Had they
come
|
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verb is a
verb that is used to indicate that
the subject is notdirectly responsible for the
action that occurred, but someone or something
else that is doing the action.
Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs
Causative verb phrase is
divided into two kinds, namely active (active) andpassive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an
agent who worked on the action are known. In
contrast, the causative verb passive sentence,the
agent is usually not mentioned.
Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in
common use, there is an actionthat uses the
bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and
some are tothe infinitive.
Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive
Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as
follows.
|
Rumus
|
Verbs
|
Contoh Causative Verbs
|
|
Active Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
Lala had her friend take her result test.
|
|
The
student had the
teacher speak slowly.
|
|
get-got
|
She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
|
|
The
boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
|
|
make-made
|
The
woman made her
daughter eat up the
tomatoes.
|
|
The
manager makes her
staff work hard.
|
|
let
|
My
father lets me choose my own future carrier.
|
|
The
shepherd lets his
sheep graze in the
meadow.
|
|
Passive Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
I had my house renovated last week.
|
|
He had his book returned as soon as possible.
|
|
get-got
|
Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
|
|
Yulia got her bedroom cleane
|
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form
a noun that describes the relative clause in the
main clause of
a complex sentence. In the relativeclause, the
relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessivepronoun is where the there
is no difference in the number (singular or plural)and gender (male or female). These pronouns include:
who, Whom, Whose,roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever,whomever, and whichever.
Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence
The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that
can not stand alone, butare
in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is
a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and
thesubordinate clause (relative clause). For more
details picture, can be seen inthe following formula.
|
Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
|
Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun
Adapun
contoh relative pronoun (bold)
pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex
sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
|
Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
|
who
(siapa)
whoever
(siapapun)
|
Relative
pronoun ini
berfungsi menghubungkannoun berupa orang (subject/object of
sentence) dengan verbpada adjective clause. Di dalamadjective
clause,relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau
objek.
|
The
boy who is
playing football on the yard is my neighbour.
(Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)
|
Who merupakan subjek dari verb=
is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang
menerangkan subjek= the boy.
|
|
I looked
for the man whoborrowed
me money.
(Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)
|
Who merupakan subjek dari verb=
borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the
man.
|
which
(yang mana)
whichever
(yang manapun)
|
Berfungsi
menghubungkan nounbenda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang
(subject/object of sentence) denganadjective clause. Which lebih
spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative
pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.
|
The
table whichwas made
of oak wood has broken.
(Meja yang dibuat dari kayuoak sudah patah.)
|
Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was
made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang
menerangkan subjek= the table.
|
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or
Passive PassiveSentence or some
call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In
a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which arethe
subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie thatreceives the
action of a job. Passive sentences are
generally contrasted withActive Sentences or
commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrasemeans a transitive verb form in
which the subject of the
sentence berpelakuas 'agents', ie the action of a job.
The shape of the Passive Voice (passive
voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3
In the passive form of the
sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple Present
Tense is the tense used to express an
action oractivity that takes
place / happening at the current time in a
simpleform, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily
habits, events oractions that have nothing to
do with time, and to express a generaltruth.
Simple Present Tense use this type
of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"
TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more
information, see the following table)
|
I
|
Am
|
|
You
|
Are
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Is
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Do / Don't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Does /
Doesn't
|
NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES
NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element
of a sentence no verb (NONVERB)
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject +
Verb 1 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DO / DOES
+ Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
|
Example:
|
+
|
I speak
English everyday
She
speaks English everyday
|
|
-
|
I don't
speak English
She
doesn't speak English
|
|
?
|
Do you
speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes I do, atau No, I don't
Does
she speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
|
|
?
|
Why do
you speak English everyday ?
|
2. Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is the tense used to
express an action or activity thatoccurred in the
past and the events of the time it has
been known.
Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more
information, see the following table)
|
I
|
Was
|
|
You
|
Were
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Was
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Did /
Didn't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is
used when a sentence no verb element (NONVERB)
VERB 2 is
only used in positive sentences only.
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past
Tense
Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject +
Verb 2 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DID +
Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?
|
Example:
|
+
|
He bought a pair of shoes
yesterday.
|
|
-
|
He
didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
|
|
?
|
Did he
buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban:
Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
|
|
?
|
Why did
he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
|
|
|
3. Present Progressive Tense
Present Progressive Tense is
the tense used to express an
action, state orevent that was happening at the
time discussed.
NOTE:
On the use
of Present Progressive Tense verb used must
end with-ing /(Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type
of "TO BE 1".
Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense
|
+
|
Subject +
To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject +
To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To be 1
+ Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
Example :
|
+
|
We are
studying now.
|
|
-
|
We are
not (aren't) studying now.
|
|
?
|
Are you
studying now?
Jawaban: Yes
I am, atau I, am not
|
|
?
|
What
are you doing?
Jawaban: I
am studying now
Who is
studying English?
Jawaban: She
is studying English
|
4. Past Progressive Tense
Past Progressive Tense is
the tense that is
used to indicate that two eventsoccur at the same
time, but the incident occurred earlier and was
still in progress when the
second incident occurred.
NOTE :
On the use
of Past Progressive Tense verb used must
end with-ing / (Verb+ ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using
the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).
Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.
Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense
|
+
|
Subject
+ To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To
be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I was walking down the street
when it began to rain.
When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
|
|
-
|
It was not raining when i went to
the market last night.
They were not playing football when
you were not at home.
|
|
?
|
Was he studying when I arrived
at home?
Jawaban:
Yes he was, atau he, was not
|
|
?
|
Why were you reading that book?
What was she doing with this
document when all the staff went home?
|
5. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is the tense used
to express an action, state or event that happened in the
past. And at the time
of speaking activities / actionshave
been completed.
Present Perfect Tense using the type
of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information,
see the following table)
|
I
|
Been
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Have
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Has
|
NOTE
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a
sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether
positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the
Present Perfect Tense using
the VERB 3
Formulas and Example Sentence Present
Perfect Tense
Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject
+ Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
?
|
Have/Has
+ Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I have lived here for 2 years.
|
|
-
|
I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
|
|
?
|
Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban:
Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
|
|
?
|
Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?
|
6. Past perfect
tense is a verb form that
is used to declare that an actionhas
been completed at some point in the
past before another actionoccurs. Action which has
been completed in the past it may occur
repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect
tense can also be used to establish if the
type 3 conditionals and reported speech.
The formula Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary
verb "had", and thepast
participle (verb-3). Had used for
both singular and pluralsubjects. While past
participle can be
either regular or irregular verb.
Thus the formula of past perfect tense for
the sentence are
positive,negative, and interrogative is as follows.
|
Kalimat
|
Rumus Past Perfect Tense
|
Contoh Past Perfect Tense
|
|
positif (+)
|
S + had +
Verb-3/past participle
|
My brother
had slept
|
|
They had
come
|
|
negatif (-)
|
S + had +
not + Verb-3/past participle
|
My brother
hadn’t slept
|
|
They
hadn’t come
|
|
interogatif(?)
|
had + S +
Verb-3/past participle
|
Had my
brother come
|
|
Had they
come
|
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verb is a
verb that is used to indicate that
the subject is notdirectly responsible for the
action that occurred, but someone or something
else that is doing the action.
Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs
Causative verb phrase is
divided into two kinds, namely active (active) andpassive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an
agent who worked on the action are known. In
contrast, the causative verb passive sentence,the
agent is usually not mentioned.
Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in
common use, there is an actionthat uses the
bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and
some are tothe infinitive.
Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive
Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as
follows.
|
Rumus
|
Verbs
|
Contoh Causative Verbs
|
|
Active Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
Lala had her friend take her result test.
|
|
The
student had the
teacher speak slowly.
|
|
get-got
|
She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
|
|
The
boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
|
|
make-made
|
The
woman made her
daughter eat up the
tomatoes.
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|
The
manager makes her
staff work hard.
|
|
let
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My
father lets me choose my own future carrier.
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|
The
shepherd lets his
sheep graze in the
meadow.
|
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Passive Causative Verbs
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have-had
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I had my house renovated last week.
|
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He had his book returned as soon as possible.
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get-got
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Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
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Yulia got her bedroom cleane
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RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form
a noun that describes the relative clause in the
main clause of
a complex sentence. In the relativeclause, the
relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessivepronoun is where the there
is no difference in the number (singular or plural)and gender (male or female). These pronouns include:
who, Whom, Whose,roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever,whomever, and whichever.
Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence
The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that
can not stand alone, butare
in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is
a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and
thesubordinate clause (relative clause). For more
details picture, can be seen inthe following formula.
|
Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
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Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun
Adapun
contoh relative pronoun (bold)
pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex
sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
|
Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
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Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
|
who
(siapa)
whoever
(siapapun)
|
Relative
pronoun ini
berfungsi menghubungkannoun berupa orang (subject/object of
sentence) dengan verbpada adjective clause. Di dalamadjective
clause,relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau
objek.
|
The
boy who is
playing football on the yard is my neighbour.
(Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)
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Who merupakan subjek dari verb=
is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang
menerangkan subjek= the boy.
|
|
I looked
for the man whoborrowed
me money.
(Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)
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Who merupakan subjek dari verb=
borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the
man.
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which
(yang mana)
whichever
(yang manapun)
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Berfungsi
menghubungkan nounbenda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang
(subject/object of sentence) denganadjective clause. Which lebih
spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative
pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.
|
The
table whichwas made
of oak wood has broken.
(Meja yang dibuat dari kayuoak sudah patah.)
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Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was
made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang
menerangkan subjek= the table.
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