PASSIVE VOICE, CAUSATIVE VERB AND RELATIVE PRONOUN

PASSIVE VOICE

           Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or Passive PassiveSentence or some call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which arethe subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie thatreceives the action of a job. Passive sentences are generally contrasted withActive Sentences or commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrasemeans a transitive verb form in which the subject of the sentence berpelakuas 'agents', ie the action of a job.

The shape of the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3

In the passive form of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".

1.      Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action oractivity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simpleform, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events oractions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a generaltruth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NONVERB)

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.      Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity thatoccurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NONVERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only.

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example:

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

3.      Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an action, state orevent that was happening at the time discussed.

NOTE:
On the use of Present Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing /(Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

4.      Past Progressive Tense 

Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two eventsoccur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred.

NOTE :
On the use of Past Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb+ ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).


Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.

Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

5.      Present Perfect Tense 

Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actionshave been completed.


Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	Been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE

TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense

Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

6.      Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an actionhas been completed at some point in the past before another actionoccurs. Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect tense can also be used to establish if the type 3 conditionals and reported speech.


The formula Past Perfect Tense

  Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and thepast participle (verb-3)​​. Had used for both singular and pluralsubjects. While past participle can be either regular or irregular verb.

Thus the formula of past perfect tense for the sentence are positive,negative, and interrogative is as follows.

Kalimat	Rumus Past Perfect Tense	Contoh Past Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + had + Verb-3/past participle	My brother had slept
		They had come
negatif (-)	S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle	My brother hadn’t slept
		They hadn’t come
interogatif(?)	had + S + Verb-3/past participle	Had my brother come
		Had they come

 CAUSATIVE VERBS

      Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is notdirectly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action.

Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs

Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) andpassive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. In contrast, the causative verb passive sentence,the agent is usually not mentioned.

Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an actionthat uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are tothe infinitive.

Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive

Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleane

 RELATIVE PRONOUN

          Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause in the main clause of a complex sentence. In the relativeclause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessivepronoun is where the there is no difference in the number (singular or plural)and gender (male or female). These pronouns include: who, Whom, Whose,roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever,whomever, and whichever.

Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence

The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, butare in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and thesubordinate clause (relative clause). For more details picture, can be seen inthe following formula.

Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause

Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun

Adapun contoh relative pronoun (bold) pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun	Keterangan
who  (siapa) whoever  (siapapun)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkannoun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verbpada adjective clause. Di dalamadjective clause,relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.	The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the boy.
		I looked for the man whoborrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the man.
which  (yang mana) whichever  (yang manapun)	Berfungsi menghubungkan nounbenda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) denganadjective clause. Which lebih spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.	The table whichwas made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayuoak sudah patah.)	Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the table.

PASSIVE VOICE

           Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or Passive PassiveSentence or some call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which arethe subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie thatreceives the action of a job. Passive sentences are generally contrasted withActive Sentences or commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrasemeans a transitive verb form in which the subject of the sentence berpelakuas 'agents', ie the action of a job.

The shape of the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3

In the passive form of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".

1.      Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action oractivity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simpleform, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events oractions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a generaltruth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NONVERB)

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.      Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity thatoccurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NONVERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only.

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example:

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

3.      Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an action, state orevent that was happening at the time discussed.

NOTE:
On the use of Present Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing /(Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

4.      Past Progressive Tense 

Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two eventsoccur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred.

NOTE :
On the use of Past Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb+ ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).


Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.

Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

5.      Present Perfect Tense 

Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actionshave been completed.


Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	Been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE

TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense

Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

6.      Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an actionhas been completed at some point in the past before another actionoccurs. Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect tense can also be used to establish if the type 3 conditionals and reported speech.


The formula Past Perfect Tense

  Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and thepast participle (verb-3)​​. Had used for both singular and pluralsubjects. While past participle can be either regular or irregular verb.

Thus the formula of past perfect tense for the sentence are positive,negative, and interrogative is as follows.

Kalimat	Rumus Past Perfect Tense	Contoh Past Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + had + Verb-3/past participle	My brother had slept
		They had come
negatif (-)	S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle	My brother hadn’t slept
		They hadn’t come
interogatif(?)	had + S + Verb-3/past participle	Had my brother come
		Had they come

 CAUSATIVE VERBS

      Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is notdirectly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action.

Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs

Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) andpassive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. In contrast, the causative verb passive sentence,the agent is usually not mentioned.

Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an actionthat uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are tothe infinitive.

Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive

Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleane

 RELATIVE PRONOUN

          Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause in the main clause of a complex sentence. In the relativeclause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessivepronoun is where the there is no difference in the number (singular or plural)and gender (male or female). These pronouns include: who, Whom, Whose,roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever,whomever, and whichever.

Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence

The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, butare in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and thesubordinate clause (relative clause). For more details picture, can be seen inthe following formula.

Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause

Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun

Adapun contoh relative pronoun (bold) pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun	Keterangan
who  (siapa) whoever  (siapapun)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkannoun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verbpada adjective clause. Di dalamadjective clause,relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.	The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the boy.
		I looked for the man whoborrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the man.
which  (yang mana) whichever  (yang manapun)	Berfungsi menghubungkan nounbenda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) denganadjective clause. Which lebih spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.	The table whichwas made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayuoak sudah patah.)	Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the table.

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